PK/PD studies help confirm the test article exposure and biomarker level in systemic circulation and tissues, particularly target organs and understand the correlation of the test article exposure with its PD effect using diseased or healthy animal models. The PK and bioanalytical teams analyze the samples taken from in vivo work to determine test article exposure and/or biomarker level. The quantification of biomarkers is conducted by the in vitro biology and ex vivo pharmacology teams.